Abstract: Sichuan Province is located in the transitional zone between Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin, characterized by complex landform units and a diverse ethnic composition, which makes the spatial pattern and formation mechanisms of traditional villages more complex than those in other southwestern provinces of China. Based on six batches of the national list of traditional villages from 2012 to 2023 and multi-source spatial data, this study employed kernel density analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, Geodetector model, and ordinary least squares (OLS) model to systematically reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing mechanism of traditional villages in Sichuan Province. The results indicated that: (1) Traditional villages in Sichuan Province exhibited a significant agglomeration distribution pattern, forming three major high-density core areas in the basin and hilly regions, such as Ya'an–Meishan–Leshan, Guangyuan–Bazhong, and Zigong–Luzhou, and several secondary agglomeration areas in the western Sichuan Plateau, resulting in a spatial pattern of "multi-core agglomeration and plateau continuity" as a whole; (2) Cultural heritage foundation (q = 0.167), elevation (q = 0.139), and transportation accessibility (q = 0.097) exhibited relatively strong explanatory power for the spatial differentiation of traditional villages, while socio-economic factors displayed comparatively weaker explanatory effects when examined individually. (3) Multi-factor interactions generally exhibited stronger explanatory power than single-factor effects, particularly the significant nonlinear enhancement effects of interactions between elevation and cultural heritage foundation, transportation accessibility, and economic development level (GDP), revealing a coupled driving mechanism in which natural environmental constraints, historical-cultural accumulation, and socioeconomic conditions jointly shaped the spatial pattern of traditional villages. These findings could provide scientific basis for the protection and living heritage preservation of traditional villages in Sichuan Province.