Abstract: In present study, the geographical distribution, collection history, and leaf morphological variation characteristics of Juglans regia L. in China were systematically sorted out for the first time by integrating 1262 valid records of digital specimens publicly released on platforms such as the China Virtual Herbarium (CVH). And a comprehensive analysis was further conducted in combination with environmental factors such as altitude and season. The results showed that there were significant differences in the geographical distribution of J. regia specimens. Sichuan had the largest number of specimen (371), while Guangdong and Shanghai were the smallest (3 each). The regions around Sichuan Basin, Qinling Mountains, and northern part of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau were the core distribution areas. In terms of specimen collection timeline, influenced by national plant specimen resource collection campaigns, two peaks are observed: 1930–1939(94 specimens, 8.18%) and 1950–1959 (303 specimens, 26.37%), while only two new specimens have been added since 2020. Collections in spring and summer accounted for 87.9%, with a serious shortage in autumn and winter. The altitude of the collection sites was concentrated in two intervals. The range of 1000−1599 m was the main distribution altitude peak, and many specimens were also collected in the 0−199 m range, with the highest altitude reaching 5323 m. There were regional differences in leaf morphology, with the longest leaf in Chongqing (length/width ratio: 2.997±0.614). On the contrary, the widest leaves in Qinghai (1.578±0.226) had the largest coefficient of variation in leaf morphology in southwest China. Based on leaf morphology clustering, the specimens collected from 18 provincial-level regions were divided into three morphological geographical groups, and each group was highly correlated with climate and altitude. The study confirmed that the digital specimens in the collection could effectively make up for the gaps of traditional field investigations in time and space scales, and provide the potential resource information scientific basis for the protection of J. regia germplasm, improved superior variety breeding and ecological geography research.